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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  NO.  162 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY 
DAIRY  HERD 


BY  CASSIUS  C.  HA.YDEN 


SUMMARY 

1.  Tuberculosis   is   a  germ  disease  and   the  germ  must  be   carried   from 
one  animal  to  another  before  the  disease  can  be  contracted.  Page  379 

2.  It  usually  develops  very  slowly,  and  an  apparently  healthy  cow   may  be 
sufficiently  affected  to  infect  the  greater  part  of  the  herd  before  discovered. 

Page  380 

3.  External  symptoms  are  not  common  until  the  disease  is  well  advanced 
and  much  damage  has  been  done.     The  only  safe  means  of  detection   is  the 
tuberculin  test.  Page  383 

4.  A  careful  test  of  the  University  dairy  herd  revealed  over  50  percent 
of  the  mature  animals  diseased.  Page  389 

5.  Subsequent    tests    revealed    few    reactors    and   many    of   these    did   not 
show  lesions  when  slaughtered.  Page  391 

6.  Twenty-three   cows   in   quarantine   for  an   average  of   two  years  gave 
nineteen  healthy  calves  and  a  total  return  of   $4,436.67.  Page  395 

/.  It  is  possible  for  animals  that  are  too  badly  diseased  to  react  to  the 
test  to  be  in  apparent  good  health  and  condition  and  without  external  symp- 
toms. Page  401 

8.  On  the  individual  dairyman,  aided  by  the  state,  lies  the  task  of  eradi- 
cating the  disease.  Page  404 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY 
DAIRY  HERD 

BY  CASSIUS  C.  HAYDEN,  FIRST  ASSISTANT  IN  DAIRY  HUSBANDRY' 

INTRODUCTION 

A  few  years  ago  a  large  part  of  the  dairy  herd  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois  was  found  to  be  tuberculous.  Since  that  time  efforts 
have  been  put  forth  to  rid  it  of  the  disease.  The  results  of  these 
efforts  and  the  treatment  of  the  herd  are  here  given.  Believing 
that  the  nature  of  the  disease  is  not  generally  well  understood  by 
farmers,  and  that  their  co-operation  is  absolutely  necessary  to  any 
successful  methods  of  control,  a  simple  statement  of  its  charac- 
teristics is  included. 

NATURE  OF  THE  DISEASE 

Tuberculosis  is  strictly  a  germ  disease.  It  is  caused  by  small, 
living,  growing  bodies  called  bacteria  or  germs,  and  it  cannot  exist 
unless  these  germs  are  present  and  growing  in  the  tissues  of  the 
animal.  The  germs  can  grow  only  in  the  bodies  of  living  ani- 
mals, unless  cultivated  in  the  laboratory,  and  no  cow  can  take  the 
disease  until  in  some  way  the  germs  have  been  carried  to  her  from 
some  other  animal.  While  they  do  not  grow  or  multiply  outside 
the  body,  they  may  remain  alive  for  a  long  period  of  time  if 
not  exposed  to  sunlight,  which  kills  them  in  a  very  short  time. 
They  may  be  in  the  dirt  and  mangers  of  barns  long  after  the  ani- 
mal which  dropped  them  has  been  removed.  This  fact  makes  it 
easy  for  another  animal  to  pick  them  up  and  contract  the  disease. 

The  germs  of  tuberculosis  must  be  taken  into  the  body  before 
they  can  cause  the  disease.  They  are  most  frequently  taken  in 
thru  the  nostrils,  by  breathing  in  dust,  and  thru  the  mouth,  with 
the  food.  After  the  germs  have  got  into  the  body  of  an  animal, 
they  may  begin  growing  wherever  they  happen  to  lodge,  which  is 
most  frequently  in  the  lungs,  lymph  glands,  liver,  or  lining  of  the 
body  cavities.  They  may  attack  the  joints,  bones,  heart,  brain, — 
in  fact,  almost  any  part  of  the  body.  It  is  possible  for  an  animal 
to  take  in  small  numbers  and  throw  them  off  again  or  destroy 

xNow  Chief  in  Dairy  Husbandry,  Ohio  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
Wooster,  Ohio. 

379 


380 


BULLETIN  No.  162 


[January, 


them,  thus  preventing  the  disease.  This  power  of  resistance  de- 
pends much  upon  the  health  and  condition  of  the  animal  at  the 
time  the  germs  enter  the  body. 

The  starting  point  of  the  disease  is  usually  a  very  small  one 
and  may  remain  so  for  years ;  or  the  disease  may  develop  rapidly, 
destroy  the  organ  in  which  it  is  located,  break  out,  and  the  germs 
spread  thru  the  body  in  a  very  short  time,  causing  "quick  con- 
sumption." The  animal  then  loses  flesh  rapidly  and  soon  dies. 


FIG.  1.    Cow  47. 

For  example,  the  cow  shown  in  Fig.  i  produced  in  thirty  days, 
in  the  months  of  February  and  March,  over  2,000  pounds  of  milk, 
and  died  of  tuberculosis  in  July  of  the  same  year.  In  the  majority 
of  cases,  tuberculosis  develops  very  slowly,  and  the  cow  shows 
no  outward  signs  of  the  disease  until  it  is  well  advanced.  It  may 
remain  at  the  one  small  point  of  infection  until  the  animal  dies  of 
old  age  or  some  other  cause,  and  it  is  even  possible  for  the  ani- 
mal to  recover  entirely.  If  the  breeder  wants  a  clean  herd,  it  is 
never  safe  to  keep  in  the  herd  an  animal  which  has  tuberculosis  in 
any  form,  because  the  disease  is  liable  at  any  time  to  become  suffi- 
ciently advanced  to  cause  the  escape  of  germs  from  the  body. 
Other  animals  are  then  in  danger. 

When  a  tubercular  abscess  breaks  into  the  lungs,  digestive 
canal,  genital  or  urinary  organs,  or  the  udder,  and  the  germs  es- 
cape from  the  body,  a  cow  has  what  is  called  "open  tuberculosis." 
In  such  cases  the  germs  escape  by  being  coughed  from  the  lungs 


1913} 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


381 


into  the  mouth,  where  they  are  thrown  out  with  the  saliva  and 
distributed  about  the  manger,  watering  troughs,  salt  boxes,  etc. ; 
or  when  coughed  from  the  lungs  and  swallowed,  they  escape 
with  the  dung.  The  germs  may  also  be  thrown  off  with  the  dung 
when  the  digestive  tract  is  affected,  with  the  urine  when  the  genital 
or  urinary  organs  are  affected,  or  with  the  milk  when  the  udder 
is  affected.  Frequently  the  germs  are  thrown  out  in  large  num- 
bers, and  in  a  short  time  one  tuberculous  cow  may  infect  nearly 
all  animals  in  the  herd.  This  may  occur,  and  the  disease  become 
well  established,  before  the  owner  discovers  its  presence. 

It  is  impossible  to  tell  just  when  a  cow  begins  to  scatter  germs. 
She  may  do  this  for  a  long  period  of  time  and  still  be  sleek  and 
fat.  The  disease  is  usually  carried  from  one  herd  to  another  by 
the  purchase  of  a  diseased  animal  or  by  the  use  of  factory  skim 
milk  for  feeding  calves.  It  is  no  respecter  of  breeds,  nor  is  it 
inherited,  tho  the  calf  may  be  infected  by  the  dam  before  it  is 
born. 

It  is  commonly  believed  that  the  heavy  milking  cow  is  most 
susceptible  to  tuberculosis,  but  it  should  be  remembered  that  even 
the  fattening,  or  lean,  steer,  which  has  no  such  drain  on  the  sys- 
tem, is  by  no  means  immune. 


FIG.  2. 


A  PURE-BRED  HOI.STEIN-FRIESIAN  Cow  WITH  LUNGS  AND 
GI.ANDS  DISEASED. 


FIG.  3.    A  PURE-BRED  JERSEY  AFFECTED  WITH  THE  DISEASE  IN  THE 
L/IVER  AND  I^YMPH  GI.ANDS. 


FIG.  4.    A  PURE-BRED  GUERNSEY  AFFECTED  WITH  THE  DISEASE  IN  THE 
L<UNGS.    SHE  WAS  UNDOUBTEDLY  DISTRIBUTING  GERMS. 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


383 


FIG.  5.    Cow  39,  A  PURE-BRED  AYRSHIRE,  AFFECTED  WITH  THE  DISEASE. 

SYMPTOMS  OF  THE  DISEASE 

There  is  a  common  belief  that  a  cow  which  has  the  disease 
will  cough.  This  may  or  may  not  be  true,  because  it  depends  on 
whether  or  not  the  throat  or  lungs  are  affected.  There  are  other 
diseases  which  affect  these  organs  and  cause  cattle  to  cough;  con- 
sequently, a  cough  may  or  may  not  indicate  tuberculosis.  Un- 
fortunately, the  disease  rarely  appears  on  the  outside  of  the  body, 
and  because  of  this  fact  it  is  difficult  or  impossible  to  discover 
its  presence  by  physical  examination  until  it  is  well  advanced,  when 
the  animal  goes  down  rapidly  in  condition  and  yields  to  no  treat- 
ment. Sometimes  it  appears  as  an  enlargement  of  the  glands  of 
the  throat,  causing  coughing  and  difficulty  in  breathing,  or  as  a 
hard  lump  in,  or  enlargement  of,  parts  of  the  udder.  However, 
other  causes  may  also  be  responsible  for  the  latter  trouble.  No 
farmer  should  permit  a  cow  which  has  died  or  been  killed  to  be 
buried  without  an  examination  of  the  lungs  and  the  glands  be- 
tween the  lungs  and  on  the  intestines,  unless  death  was  caused  by 
some  contagious  disease  which  there  is  danger  of  spreading.  Fre- 
quently such  an  examination  would  reveal  the  presence  of  the  dis- 
ease in  a  herd  where  it  was  not  suspected.  The  tuberculin  test  is 
practically  the  only  means  by  which  it  can  be  discovered  during 
its  early  stages. 


384 


BULLETIN  No.  162 


[January, 


Appearance  of  Diseased  Organs. — The  appearance  of  tuber- 
culous organs  is  very  characteristic,  so  that  the  disease  is  easily 
recognized  after  it  has  once  been  pointed  out  in  its  different  forms. 
It  would  be  a  fine  thing  if  every  farmer  could  readily  recognize  it 
in  slaughtered  animals.  Hard  lumps  or  cavities  in  the  lungs,  con- 
taining pus,  enlarged  glands  containing  pus  or  having  a  "corn 
meal"  appearance,  white  nodules  or  abscesses  in  the  liver,  knots  or 
bunches  on  the  walls  of  the  lung  cavity  or  intestinal  cavity,  should 
be  looked  upon  with  much  suspicion  and  considered  tuberculous 
unless  they  are  shown  to  be  otherwise. 


FlG.  6.      COW  10,  SLAUGHTERED  A  FEW  HOURS  AFTER   PICTURE  WAS  TAKEN. 

THE  DISEASE  WAS  so  GENERALIZED  THAT  THE  CARCASS  WAS  CONDEMNED. 
A  DANGEROUS  Cow  TO  HAVE  IN  THE  HERD,  AI/THO  SHE  SHOWED  NO 
EXTERNAL  SYMPTOMS. 

THE  TUBERCULIN  TEST 

As  has  been  previously  stated,  tuberculosis  cannot  be  detected 
easily  in  its  earlier  stage  by  a  physical  or  outward  examination; 
in  fact,  this  is  impossible  in  the  majority  of  cases.  If  a  cow  grows 
thin  (pines  away),  has  a  persistent  cough,  or  swollen  glands  of 
the  neck,  she  should  be  considered  suspicious.  -  However,  these 
symptoms  usually  appear  after  the  disease  is  well  advanced  and 
the  cow  has  done  great  damage  by  infecting  other  cattle.  For  this 
reason  these  symptoms  are  of  no  value  except  to  warn  the  owner, 
after  it  is  too  late,  that  his  herd  is  diseased.  One  reliable  method 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD  385 

of  detecting  tuberculosis  when  it  should  be  detected  is  the  tuber- 
culin test. 

In  brief,  this  consists  in  determining  the  normal  temperature 
of  the  animal  under  normal  conditions  by  taking  its  temperature 
at  least  four  (preferably  more)  times  at  equal  intervals  between 
five  o'clock  in  the  morning  and  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  of 
a  given  day.  About  eight  o'clock  in  the  evening,  a  certain  amount 
of  tuberculin,  varying  with  the  size  of  the  animal,  is  injected  be- 
neath the  skin.  On  the  following  day  the  temperature  is  taken 
every  two  or  two  and  one-half  hours.  If  the  temperature  rises 
and  subsides  gradually,  giving  what  is  called  a  typical  reaction 
curve,  with  the  highest  temperature  two  or  more  degrees  above 
that  of  the  previous  day,  the  cow  is  considered  tuberculous.  There 
are  many  things  which  may  affect  the  results  of  the  test,  and  there- 
fore it  should  not  be  applied  by  persons  who  have  not  been  prop- 
erly instructed  in  its  use. 

Tuberculin  is  a  liquid  which  contains  the  toxin,  or  poison,  pro- 
duced by  the  germ  of  tuberculosis,  and  it  is  made  in  the  following 
manner:  Beef  broth  is  made  in  the  laboratory  and  carefully  ster- 
ilized, that  is,  all  germs  in  it  are  killed  by  heating  it  to  a  high 
temperature.  A  small  mass  of  the  germs  of  tuberculosis  (Bacillus 
tuberculosis}  are  taken  from  other  material  where  they  have  been 
grown,  placed  in  this  broth,  and  allowed  to  grow  at  body  tempera- 
ture until  they  have  produced  a  large  amount  of  poison.  The 
broth  is  then  placed  in  a  sterilizer  and  heated  to  a  temperature 
high  enough  to  kill  all  germs,  after  which  it  is  filtered  thru  a 
porcelain  filter  which  removes  the  dead  germs.  This  filtered  broth 
contains  the  poison,  but  neither  the  living  nor  the  dead  germs. 
After  tlie  broth  is  standardized  to  a  certain  strength,  a  little  car- 
bolic acid  is  added  to  keep  other  germs  from  growing  if  they  should 
chance  to  get  into  it.  This  liquid,  or  broth,  containing  the  poison 
is  called  tuberculin. 

Some  persons  fear  that  the  use  of  tuberculin  will  give 
cattle  tuberculosis.  It  cannot  because  the  germs  have  been  killed 
and  then  removed.  It  is  possible  that,  in  case  the  animal  injected 
is  diseased,  it  may  cause  the  disease  to  become  more  active,  but 
this  has  not  been  definitely  proved.  If  a  cow  is  healthy,  tuber- 
culin has  no  effect  when  injected,  nor  afterwards,  so  far  as  the 
best  authorities  have  been  able  to  determine.  It  does  not  affect 
the  milk  of  a  healthy  cow;  in  many  cases  the  milk  from  herds 
under  test  has  been  supplied  to  children  and  adults  as  usual,  and 
in  no  case  has  it  been  definitely  shown  to  cause  any  trouble.  If 
a  cow  reacts,  the  fever  produced  may  affect  the  quality  of  the 
milk  and  it  would  be  best  to  exclude  the  milk  of  such  animals 
during  and  after  the  reaction. 

Accuracy  of  the  Test. — If  properly  applied,  this  test    is    ex- 


386  BULLETIN  No.  162  [January, 

tremely,  tho  not  absolutely,  accurate.  That  is  to  say,  if  a  cow 
reacts,  she  is  practically  certain  to  have  the  disease  in  some  stage. 
The  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture at  Washington,  D.  C,  has  found  that  out  of  24,784  cattle 
which  reacted  to  the  test,  ninety-eight  out  of  every  hundred  showed 
the  disease  when  slaughtered.  The  work  here  reported  does  not 
show  as  high  a  percentage  of  accuracy.  This  may  be  understood 
when  the  reader  recalls  that  a  small  spot  the  size  of  a  pea  may 
cause  a  reaction,  and  that  the  test  does  not  tell  the  extent  of  the 
disease  in  the  animal.  So  small  a  spot  might  easily  be  overlooked 
in  slaughter.  Ninety-eight  percent  is  a  greater  percentage  of  ac- 
curacy than  can  be  shown  by  almost  any  other  method  of  detect- 
ing disease. 

Faults  of  the  Test. — (i)  The  tuberculin  test  does  not  always 
pick  out  the  worst  cases,  because  the  system  of  such  an  animal 
is  already  so  full  of  the  poison  that  the  addition  of  a  little  has 
no  marked  effect.  Such  cases  can  usually,  but  not  always,  be 
detected  by  -a  physical  examination.  These  are  the  most  difficult 
cases  to  deal  with.  Note  the  cases  of  Cows  34  and  85,  page  40x3. 

(2)  Another  time  that  the  test  may  fail  is  when  the  disease 
is  in  the  "incubating"  stage,  that  is  to  say,  when  the  germs  have 
got  into  the  body  but  have  not  yet  begun  to  grow.     These  cases 
can  be  easily  detected  by  later  tests. 

(3)  The  third  case  is  when  the  disease  is  a  small  spot  and  has 
become  encysted,  that  is,  has  ceased  to  grow  and  has  become  in- 
cased or  surrounded  by  a  tough,  thick  membrane  which  prevents 
the  escape  of  the  germs  to  other  parts  of  the  body.     If  these 
places  break  out,  they  can  be  detected  by  later  tests. 

(4)  Tuberculin  may  be    misused    by    unscrupulous    persons. 
For  some  time  after  a  large  dose  has  been  given,  some  cows  pos- 
sess an  immunity,  or  power  to  resist  the  test,  so  that  if  a  second 
dose  is  given  in  a  few  days,  or  possibly  three  months,  they  fail  to 
react  again.     This  resistance  passes  off  in  from  a  few  days  to 
three  months.     Sometimes  this  "plugging"  is  done  just  before  a 
herd  is  to  be  tested  for  sale  or  shipment  to  another  state.     Such 
wilful  misuse  of  the  test  has  acted  to  spread  the  disease  by  send- 
ing diseased  animals  into  healthy  herds. 

(5)  It  is  possible  that  a  cow's  temperature  might  rise  from 
some  other  cause.    The  loss  of  a  cow  in  this  way  should  be  con- 
sidered the  price  of  insurance  against  the  disease. 

The  test  is  of  little  or  no  value  if  the  information  it  gives  is 
not  properly  used.  Every  animal  which  reacts  should  be  removed 
from  the  herd  and  branded,  so  that  she  cannot  be  ignorantly  taken 
into  another  herd.  A  good  cow  may  look  sleek,  fat,  and  healthy, 
and  it  is  a  temptation  to  keep  her  in  the  herd,  but  she  may  be 
the  very  one  which  is  spreading  the  disease  (see  Cow  85,  page  401). 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


387 


FIG.  7,    Cow  49,  SLAUGHTERED  AT  DEMONSTRATION  AT  MIDSUMMER  INSTITUTE 

AND  FOUND  TO  BE  BADLY  DISEASED.    SHE  REACTED 

TWICE,  Two  YEARS  APART. 

Because  some  cows  have  the  disease  in  the  incubating  stage  and 
others  in  the  encysted  form,  the  test  should  be  repeated  each  six 
months  until  no  more  cases  are  found,  and  once  each  year  there- 
after. It  is  always  safe  to  isolate  purchased  animals  and  retest 
them  after  three  months.  After  the  reacting  cattle  are  removed 
from  the  herd,  the  barn  should  be  thoroly  cleaned  and  disin- 
fected or  the  disease  is  nearly  certain  to  spread  again,  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  germs  dropped  by  the  animals  removed  may  remain 
alive  for  a  long  period  of  time.  The  disinfecting  should  be  care- 
fully and  thoroly  done.1 

VACCINATION 

Attempts  have  been  made  to  protect  cattle  from  tuberculosis 
by  the  use  of  "vaccine,"  but  this  method  has  not  proved  success- 
ful and  is  even  dangerous.  Vaccination  consists  in  inoculating 
the  animal  with  tubercle  bacilli  of  low  virulence,  or  activity.  It  is 
supposed  that  the  animal  will  develop  an  immunity,  or  power  of 
resistance,  because  of  these  weak  germs,  but  with  the  present 
method  of  vaccination  there  is  real  danger  of  causing  the  disease. 

'See  U.  S.  Farmers'  Bulletin  No.  480,  "Practical  Methods  of  Disinfecting- 
Stables." 


388  BULLETIN  No.  162  [January, 

METHODS  OF  HANDLING  DISEASED  ANIMALS 

When  tuberculosis  is  discovered  in  the  herd,  rigid  measures 
should  be  taken  to  eradicate  it,  for  the  longer  it  remains  the  more 
firmly  it  will  become  established  and  the  more  difficult  it  will  be 
to  get  rid  of.  Where  only  a  few  animals  react,  they  may  be 
removed  and  the  remainder  of  the  herd  tested  every  six  months 
until  no  more  cases  are  found.  If  one-half  or  more  of  the  ani- 
mals are  tuberculous,  the  chances  are  that  many  other  members 
of  the  herd  have  the  disease  in  the  incubating  or  encysted  stage 
and  will  react  later;  therefore  it  usually  is  better  to  treat  the 
entire  herd  of  mature  animals  as  if  they  were  diseased.  One  of 
two  methods  may  be  adopted :  If  the  animals  are  not  very  valua- 
ble for  breeding  purposes,  it  probably  will  be  best  to  dispose  of 
the  entire  herd'  by  slaughtering  them  under  proper  inspection,  and 
replace  them  with  young  or  tested  animals.  Even  in  buying  sub- 
ject to  the  test,  one  runs  the  chance  of  getting  diseased  animals 
for  the  reasons  mentioned  above,  tho  this  danger  is  much  less  with 
young  animals. 

If  it  is  a  herd  of  pure-bred  cows  or  cows  valuable  for  breed- 
ing purposes,  it  may  be  handled  by  the  "Bang  method."  With 
this  method  the  cows  are  placed  in  quarantine,  and  the  calves  are 
removed  as  soon  as  born  and  fed  milk  from  healthy  cows  or 
the  milk  of  their  dams  first  heated  to  a  high  enough  tempera- 
ture to  kill  all  germs.  Not  over  one  or  two  percent  of  such  calves 
are  diseased,  and  a  healthy  herd  of  young  stock  can  soon  be  built 
up  from  tuberculous  dams.  The  milk  from  such  a  herd,  if  prop- 
erly pasteurized,  may  be  used  for  making  butter.  No  milk  should 
be  used  from  a  cow  showing  any  signs  of  the  disease  in  her  ud- 
der, and  no  animal  showing  outward  signs  of  tuberculosis  should 
be  permitted  to  live  even  in  the  diseased  herd. 

When  the  "Bang  method"  is  practiced,  it  is  necessary  to  keep 
the  infected  cattle  entirely  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  herd. 
It  is  better  if  they  can  be  kept  in  different  barns  or  on  different 
farms.  They  should  not  be  cared  for  by  the  same  person  wearing 
the  same  clothes,  especially  shoes,  because  the  germs  may  be  car- 
ried from  the  infected  herd  to  the  feeding  floor  of  the  other  herd 
in  manure  which  may  cling  to  the  attendant's  shoes. 

If  the  owner  is  willing  to  put  forth  a  very  strenuous  effort 
and  use  strictly  sanita.ry  measures,  he  can  entirely  eradicate  the 
disease  from  his  herd.  The  man  who  is  ignorant  or  careless  will 
usually  fail  in  the  attempt.  That  it  can  be  done  has  been  shown 
by  different  experiment  stations  and  by  many  individuals  in  this 
country.  The  task  is  not  an  easy  one,  but  requires  constant  at- 
tention from  the  time  the  first  case  is  discovered  until  no  more 
are  revealed  by  the  test. 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


389 


FIG.  8.    Cow  66,  SHIPPED  TO  CHICAGO  AND  SLAUGHTERED  UNDER  FEDERAL 

AND  STATE  INSPECTION.    THE  DISEASE  WAS  so  GENERALIZED 

THAT  THE  CARCASS  WAS  CONDEMNED. 

If  the  disease  is  not  eradicated,  it  takes  its  toll  more  or  less 
regularly.  Besides  the  occasional  complete  loss  of  an  animal,  it 
reduces  the  productive  power  of  others,  causes  sterility,  and  may 
cause  additional  loss  by  infecting  hogs  which  run  after  the  cattle 
or  consume  the  milk. 

TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE;  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 

In  the  spring  of  1906  a  grade  cow,  purchased  for  experimental 
purposes,  died,  and  a  post-mortem  examination  revealed  a  few 
tubercular  centers  in  the  lungs.  This  was  sufficient  evidence  that 
the  disease  was  in  the  herd,  and  it  was  thought  best  to  test  at 
least  the  cows  which  were  producing  milk  for  city  trade.  Thirty- 
four  of  the  mature  cows  were  subjected  to  the  tuberculin  test, 
thirteen  of  which  reacted.  About  ten  others  were  not  tested,  be- 
cause they  were  near  to  calving,  or  for  other  reasons.  One  or 
two  of  the  reactions  were  considered  questionable.  Five  of  the 
thirteen  which  reacted  were  slaughtered  and  examined.  The  dis- 
ease was  found  in  each  of  the  five  reactors,  but  in  no  case  had  it 
become  generalized.  The  others  appeared  to  be  in  such  good 
health  that  they  were  kept  in  the  herd.  Later  they  were  slaught- 


390 


BULLETIN  No.  162 


[January, 


ered,  and  in  nearly  every  case  were  apparently  not  far  enough 
advanced  to  be  throwing  off  the  germs.  One  cow  (No.  34),  which 
was  undoubtedly  badly  diseased,  or  became  so  soon  after,  passed 
thru  this  first  test  and  probably  caused  much  of  the  infection  re- 
vealed by  the  test  made  in  May,  1908. 

The  remaining  cows  and  a  part  of  those  previously  reacting 
were  tested  in  December  of  the  same  year.  Of  the  fifteen  tested, 
ten  reacted,  five  of  which  had  previously  reacted.  Seven  of  the 
reactors  were  slaughtered  at  this  time. 


FIG.  9.    Cow  SI,  DISEASE  GENERALIZED  AND  CARCASS  CONDEMNED 
UNDER  FEDERAL  INSPECTION. 

In  June,  1907,  the  herd  consisted  of  fifty-five  females,  includ- 
ing calves.  Five  which  were  suspicious  or  had  reacted  were 
tested  at  this  time.  Two  of  these  reacted. 

The  next  test  was  made  in  May,  1908.  In  the  meantime  the 
writer  had  taken  full  charge  of  the  herd.  There  were  then  sixty- 
seven  females  in  the  entire  breeding  herd.  Fifty  of  these,  or 
practically  all  that  were  considered  old  enough,  were  tested.  Of 
the  fifty  tested,  twenty-six,  or  52  percent,  reacted  and  were  re- 
moved from  the  herd.  Among  the  reactors  were  some  of  the  best 
cows  in  the  herd.  These,  with  a  few  others,  were  placed  in 
quarantine  to  secure  their  progeny  and  for  experimental  purposes. 
The  others  were  slaughtered. 


I9I3]  TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD  391 

The  next  test  was  made  in  the  fall  of  1908.  There  were  at 
that  time  fifty-six  females  in  the  herd,  including  seven  purchased. 
Thirty-six  which  were  old  enough  were  tested,  and  three  which 
reacted  were  removed  from  the  herd. 

The  next  test  was  made  one  year  later,  in  the  fall  of  1909, 
when  there  were  seventy-eight  females  in  the  herd.  Sixty-seven 
were  tested,  and  four  reacted.  In  the  spring  of  1910  there  were 
seventy-two  females;  fifty-seven  were  tested,  and  one  reacted.  In 
the  fall  of  1910  there  were  seventy-seven  females;  seventy-two 
were  tested,  and  none  reacted.  The  following  spring  (1911) 
there  were  eighty-eight  females;  of  seventy  tested  one  reacted 
but  showed  no  evidence  of  tuberculosis  when  slaughtered,  altho  a 
careful  examination  was  made.  In  the  fall  of  1911  there  were 
ninety-six  females,  ninety  of  which  were  tested,  resulting  in  one 
reaction.  The  last  test  was  made  in  March,  1912,  at  which  time 
there  were  ninety-five  females  in  the  herd ;  eighty-one  were  tested, 
and  four  reacted.  Despite  the  great  loss,  and  with  the  addition 
of  a  few  calves  from  the  experimental  herd,  the  number  of  females 
increased  from  fifty-five  in  1907  to  ninety-one  clean  females  in 
March  1912  (See  Figs.  16  and  17).  During  this  time,  nineteen 
females  were  added  to  the  herd  by  purchase  and  thirty-two  non- 
reactors  were  sold. 

The  following  chart  shows  the  number  of  females  in  the  herd,  the 
tests  made,  and  the  reactions  and  non-reactions.  Each  heavy  line 
represents  an  individual,  and  the  length  of  the  line  indicates  the 
time  during  which  she  was  in  the  herd.  "T"  indicates  that  a  test 
was  made.  A  minus  (-)  sign  after  the  "T"  indicates  a  negative 
result,  or  a  non-reaction,  and  a  plus  (  +  )  sign,  a  reaction.  "P" 
indicates  that  the  animal  was  purchased ;  all  others  were  originally 
in  the  herd  or  were  born  either  in  the  breeding  or  in  the  experi- 
mental herd. 

A  study  of  the  chart  will  show  that  the  seed  was  well  sown 
during  the  "seeding  time"  previous  to  1908,  and  that  the  harvest 
was  reaped  in  M'ay  of  that  year  when  32.6  percent  reacted.  Of 
the  forty-seven  mature  cows  in  1906,  only  three  remained  in  the 
herd  after  1909,  and  only  five  went  out  for  other  causes  than 
tuberculosis.  This  shows  that  once  a  herd  of  mature  animals  be- 
comes badly  diseased,  it  is  probably  best  to  consider  the  entire 
herd  affected  and  treat  it  accordingly. 

In  the  breeding  herd  170  different  females  have  been  tested, 
and  fifty,  or  about  30  percent,  reacted. 


392  BULLETIN  No.  162  [January, 

FIG.  10.    RESULTS  OF  TUBERCULIN  TESTS  ON  FEMALES  IN  HERD. 


1906 

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TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


393 


FIG.  10.    Continued. 


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394 


BULLETIN  No.  162 


[January, 


Bulls. — Between  May,  1906,  and  December,  1911,  five  mature 
bulls  and  thirty-two  young  ones,  ranging  in  age  from  six  months 
to  /two  years,  were  tested,  and  three  reacted.  Fig.  1 1  shows  the 
results  of  the  tests  made  on  the  bulls. 

FIG.  11.    RESULTS  OF  TUBERCULIN  TESTS  ON  BULLS  IN  HERD. 


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It  will  be  noted  that  only  one  young  bull  reacted.  With  other 
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was  supposed  to  have  been  sterilized  before  feeding,  but  this  may 
not  always  have  been  perfectly  done. 

Lad,  the  herd  bull,  was  kept  with  the  quarantined  herd  and 
not  tested  after  1906.  A  younger  herd  bull  reacted  in  May,  1908, 
and  was  also  kept  with  the  quarantined  herd. 

Twenty-six  bull  calves  less  than  six  months  old  and  from  clean 
cows  were  sold  without  test  and  are  not  shown  on  the  chart.  Some 
of  those  shown  were  tested  individually  as  sold,  but  the  tests  were 
not  recorded  and  hence  are  not  shown  on  the  chart. 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


395 


QUARANTINED  Cows 

Fig.  12  shows  the  results  obtained  from  nineteen  of  the  pure- 
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the  time  in  quarantine,  the  tests  made,  the  findings  on  post-mortem, 
and  the  receipts  for  or  the  value  of  the  carcass,  milk,  and  progeny. 
Cows  36,  49,  and  56 .were  slaughtered  at  a  demonstration  at  a 
summer  institute  in  August,  1910;  hence  no  value  is  given  for 
those  carcasses. 

FIG.  12.    RESULTS  OBTAINED  FROM  PURE-BRED  REACTING  Cows. 


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The  quarantined  herd  was  kept  in  existence  for  about  two  years 
at  a  cost  of  sixty  dollars  per  head  per  year,  or  a  total  cost  of  about 
$2700  for  the  two  years.1  The  gross  returns  during  that  time  were 
approximately  $4436,  making  a  net  return  of  $1736.  It  is  proba- 
ble, however,  that  the  cost  under  these  conditions  was  greater  than 
it  would  be  in  an  ordinary  herd. 


aCost  estimated  from  Circular  134  of  111.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 


396 


BULLETIN  No.  162 


[January, 


FIG.  13.    Cow  56,  SLAUGHTERED  AT  SUMMER  INSTITUTE.    LUNGS,  LIVER, 
AND  LYMPH  GLANDS  AFFECTED. 

The  reacting  cows  were  placed  in  a  separate  wing  of  the  barn, 
and  the  passageway  to  the  main  barn  was  closed.  Attendants 
were  not  permitted  to  go  from  one  barn  to  the  other  without 
changing  clothing,  especially  shoes.  One  man,  with  such  help  as 
he  needed  to  properly  care  for  them,  was  given  charge  of  the 
tubercular  cows.  A  small  yard,  separated  from  the  other  yards 
by  a  high  board  fence,  in  which  the  cows  could  exercise,  was  pro- 
vided. The  feed  was  brought  to  the  door  from  the  main  barn  by 
those  caring  for  the  clean  herd,  but  they  were  not  permitted  to 
go  inside. 

When  a  calf  was  born  in  the  quarantined  herd,  it  was  im- 
mediately removed  and  later  placed  in  the  clean  herd.  Of  twenty- 
five  calves  so  removed  but  one  reacted  to  the  test  later,  and  she 
reacted  when  about  two  years  of  age.  At  the  same  time  and  in 
the  same  barn,  a  bull  from  a  clean  cow  reacted.  Probably  both 
became  infected  from  the  same  source.  When  the  heifer  was 
slaughtered,  no  signs  of  tuberculosis  were  found. 

This  shows  the  possibility  of  securing  clean  calves  from  in- 
fected dams.  Cows  52  and  54  were  not  registered  animals,  and 
no  progeny  were  saved  from  them.  Three  or  four  calves  were 
lost  by  abortion,  or  died  shortly  after  birth.  There  were  no  evi- 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


397 


398  BULLETIN  No.  162  [January, 

dences  of  tuberculosis  in  these  cases.  The  value  of  the  progeny 
shown  in  the  chart  is  based  on  the  prices  for  which  calves  were 
actually  sold. 

After  all  the  reacting  cows  were  removed  from  the  herd,  the 
barn  was  thoroly  cleaned,  the  floor  scrubbed  and  allowed  to  dry, 
after  which  the  entire  interior  was  thoroly  disinfected  with  a 
solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  (one-half  pound  to  thirty  gallons 
of  water). 

EXPERIMENTAL,  HERD 

Between  June,  1906,  and  1910,  forty-one,  cows  were  purchased 
for  experimental  purposes  without  being  previously  tested.  Twenty- 
two  of  these,  or  over  50  percent,  reacted.  In  one  group  of  four- 
teen cows  selected  from  seven  herds  in  the  northern  part  of  Illi- 
nois, all  but  one  proved  to  be  tuberculous.  All  the  forty-one 
except  eight  came  from  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and  most 
of  them  originally  from  Wisconsin.  This  gives  some  idea  of  the 
extent  of  the  disease  in  the  dairy  section  and  the  means  by  which 
it  is  spreading.  These  cows  were  all  in  apparently  good  condi- 
tion, and  no  one  would  have  suspected  that  they  were  diseased. 
One  of  the  cows  which  did  not  react  was  finally  thrown  out  be- 
cause of  failure  to  breed  and  because  of  a  suspicious  cough.  She 
proved  to  be  infected  with  tuberculosis  in  the  advanced  stage. 

Seventy-five  animals  have  been  lost  from  both  herds  because  of 
the  disease. 

RESULTS  OE  SLAUGHTER 

From  May,  1906,  to  March  31,  1912,  seventy-six  animals 
reacted;  seventy-five  of  these,  together  with  fifteen  which  did 
not  react,  were  slaughtered.  A  part  of  these  animals  were  slaught- 
ered on  the  farm,  a  part  at  the  local  packing  house,  and  the  re- 
mainder in  Chicago  under  federal  and  state  inspection.  The  re- 
sults are  shown  in  Table  I. 

Of  the  seventy-six  reacting  animals  sixty  showed  the  disease, 
four  were  doubtful,  and  eleven  showed  no  lesions.  Of  the  four 
which  were  doubtful,  Cow  13  and  Cow  21  had  diseased  udders 
and  Cow  23  was  afflicted  with  chronic  scours.  Cows  21,  23,  and 
17  were  not  carefully  examined.  Cows  13,  33,  61,  67,  69,  79, 
one  heifer,  and  one  bull  were  slaughtered  at  Chicago,  where  the 
inspection  is  necessarily  hastily  done.  Cows  122  and  124,  which 
reacted  at  the  last  test,  showed  no  lesions  except  an  abscess  on 
the  rumen  of  each,  due  to  a  wire  and  a  nail.  These  were  in 
the  herd  previous  to  the  May,  1908,  test;  and  it  is  possible  that 
they,  with  others,  may  have  carried  the  germs  inactive  in  their 
bodies  during  previous  tests.  This  is  a  large  percentage  of  re- 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 
TABI.E  1 — RESULTS  OF  SLAUGHTER 


399 


Herd 
No. 

Test 

Post- 
mortem 

Herd 
No. 

Test 

Post- 
mortem 

Herd 
No. 

Test 

Post- 
mortem 

1 

+ 

X 

1 
71 

++ 

X 

Lad 

-? 

X 

10 

++ 

X 

72 

-H- 

X 

90 

No  test 

X 

12 

+ 

X 

76 

X 

85 



XC 

16 

++ 

X 

77 

+ 

X 

34 

— 

XC 

19 

f 

X 

80 

+ 

X 

13 

+ 

? 

20 

-- 

X 

83 

+ 

XC 

21 

-- 

? 

27 

-- 

X 

84 

X 

29 

? 

? 

28 

-- 

X 

86 

-L 

X 

23 

-- 

? 

30 

-- 

X 

87 

+ 

X 

17 

-- 

0 

31 
36 

++ 
++ 

X 
X 

88 
92 

X 
.      X 

33 
61 

?++ 

?+ 

0 
0 

37 

++ 

X 

95 

-)- 

X 

67 

++ 

0 

39 

•*4 

X 

97 

+ 

X 

69 

+  - 

0 

41 

++ 

X 

129 

X 

79 

+ 

0 

42 

J  

X 

1002 

+ 

X 

Heifer 

+- 

0 

44 

+ 

X 

1004 

+ 

X 

it 

+ 

0 

45 

++ 

X 

1005 

++ 

X 

Toe 

+ 

0 

46 

f 

X 

1007 

X 

65 

+ 

Not  sl't'd. 

47 

++? 

X 

1008 

X 

14 

No  test 

0 

49 

++ 

X 

1017 

X 

68 



0 

51 

+++ 

xc 

Bull 

X 

104 

— 

0 

52 

+ 

xc 

Grade 

X 

106 

— 

0 

53 

+ 

X 

Heifer 

X 

109 

— 

0 

54 

++ 

X 

i« 

X 

Heifer 

— 

0 

56 

++ 

X 

Grade 

+ 

X 

1027 

— 

0 

57 

++ 

xc 

Heifer 

X 

120 

— 

0 

58 

+++ 

xc 

ii 

X 

100 

— 

0 

59 

++ 

X 

ii 

X 

106 

— 

0 

60 

++ 

X 

" 

X 

122 

+ 

0 

64 

++ 

X 

15 

? 

X 

124 

+ 

0 

66 

++ 

xc 

+=a  reaction;  —  =test  without  reaction;  X  =disease  found;  ?  =  ques- 
tionable; O^nothing1  found;  C  =  carcass  condemned. 

actors  not  showing;  the  disease,  but  when  it  is  considered  that  a 
very  small  center  will  cause  a  reaction,  and  that  such  a  center 
may  be  located  in  almost  any  part  of  the  body,  one  can  under- 
stand how  evidence  of  the  disease  could  be  readily  missed  in  a 
hasty  and  incomplete  examination.  It  is  possible  that  the  high 
temperature  in  some  of  these  cases  was  due  to  other  causes. 

The  fifteen  which  did  not  react  were  divided  as  follows :  Cow 
15  and  "Lad"  failed  to  react,  but  were  subsequently  placed  with 
the  diseased  animals  for  nine  months  and  two  years  respectively, 
and  were  not  retested.  This  gave  them  ample  time  to  become 
diseased.  Cow  90  had  not  been  tested  but  was  dying  with  the 
disease  when  killed.  Cow  14  was  not  tested,  and  the  remaining 
nine  did  not  react,  tho  some  of  them  were  thrown  out  on  sus- 
picion. 


400 


BULLETIN  No.  162 


[January, 


TABLE  2. — REACTIONS  OP  ANIMALS  WHICH  DID  NOT  SHOW  DISEASE  WHEN 

SLAUGHTERED 


Herd 
No. 


17 
33 

61 
67 

69 
Heifer 

Heifer 

122 
124 


Temperature  before  injection 


101.2,  100.6,  102.3,  102.0 

(1)  101.4,  101.4,  101.3,  102.0,  101.0 

(2)  101.2,  101.5,  101.1,  101.8,  101.2, 
100.8 

101.0,  101.5,  101.4,  101.4,  101.0 
101.8 

(1)  100.8,  101.2,  101,5,  101.8,  102.2 

(2)  101.2,  100.8,  101.2,  102.0,  101.2, 
100.9 

(1)  102.5,  102.0,  101.8,  102.2,  102.4, 
102.8 

(2)  101.0,  101.6,  102.3,  102.3,  102.3, 
103.2 

(1)  101.8,  102.8,  101.0,  101.6,  101.6, 
101.6,  101.4 

(2)  100.9,  101.9,  101.6,  101.7,  101.6, 
101.6 

101.6,  101.2,  101.2,  100.2,  102.4 
101.8 

101.6,  101.4,  100.8,  101.5,  101.6 

102.1,  101.8,  101.2,  102.5,  101.6 


Temperature  after  injection 


101.4,  103.9,  103.9,  104.2,  103.8, 
104.0 

(1)  101.4,  101.5,  101.9,  106.0,  105.8, 
105.6 

(2)  100.8,  101.2,  104.8,  104.6,  104.9 


101.7,  105.3,  104.7,  104.2,  103.7, 
103.6 

(1)  101.7,  104.6,  105.9,  105.3,  104.0, 
102.7 

(2)  102.6,  104.8,  106.8,  105.3,  105.2 


(1)  102.2,  104.0,  105.5,  105.0,  104.7, 
104.0,  103.4 

(2)  102.0,  101.6,  102.4,  102.1,  102.5 

(1)  102.8,  104.4,  104.6,  104.4,  103.0 

(2)  101.6,  102.7,  101.4,  102.2,  102.6 


103.4,  105.0,  105.3,  105.0,  104.6, 
105.0 

103.4,  104.8,  104.0,  103.1,  102.5, 

101.6,  101.4 

102.8,  101.8,  102.0,  102.4,  102.8, 

100.8,  99.8,  103.0,  104.4,  104.8, 

103.6,  102.8,  102.8 


The  temperature  of  Cow  17  increased  less  than  two  degrees. 
Neither  reaction  was  typical  in  the  case  of  Cow  33,  the  tempera- 
ture rising  suddenly  and  remaining  practically  constant.  Cow  69 
and  one  heifer  .failed  to  react  at  second  test,  and  showed  no  signs 
of  the  disease  when  slaughtered  under  federal  and  state  inspection. 
The  other  two,  Cows  34  and  85,  deserve  special  consideration. 

Cow  34  failed  to  react  when  tested  in  May,  1906.  At  that 
time  she  was  not  milking  and  failed  to  breed ;  hence,  she  was  in 
excellent  condition.  About  a  year  later  she  began  to  go  down 
in  flesh  and  would  have  died  in  July  had  she  not  been  killed. 
When  examined  she  proved  to  be  the  worst  case  the  writer  has 
ever  seen ;  the  abdominal  cavity  was  one  mass  of  tubercles,  and 
other  parts  of  the  body  were  badly  diseased.  It  is  probable  that 
she  was  too  far  advanced  and  her  system  was  already  too  full  of 
the  poison  at  the  time  tested  to  react.  However,  it  was  entirely 


*9*3\ 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


401 


possible  for  her  to  have  become  infected  after  the  test.  The  writer 
believes  that  this  cow  was  responsible  for  spreading  much  of  the 
infection  revealed  by  the  test  made  in  May,  1908.  A  large  per- 
centage of  the  two-year-old  heifers  which  were  with  her  in  pasture 
reacted. 


FIG.  15.    Cow  85. 

Cow  85  passed  thru  three  tests  without  reacting.  She  was  a 
small  cow  purchased  in  northern  Illinois,  and  was  a  heavy  feeder 
and  milker.  Up  to  the  time  slaughtered,  she  was  in  very  good 
flesh  and  physical  condition.  The  only  thing  which  would  indi- 
cate the  disease  was  a  cough.  She  failed  to  breed  readily  and  was 
sold  for  beef  subject  to  inspection.  She  was  found  to  be  very 
badly  diseased.  In  general,  cows  in  which  the  disease  is  too  far 
advanced  for  reaction  show  external  symptoms,  but  the  writer 
does  not  believe  that  even  an  experienced  veterinarian  would  have 
detected  the  disease  in  either  Cow  34  or  85  by  a  physical  exami- 
nation. These  two  cases  emphasize  the  fact  that  mature  animals 
in  a  herd  which  is  badly  infected  should  be  looked  upon  with 
much  suspicion  even  tho  they  do  not  react. 

Cow  68  passed  several  tests  successfully  but  had  a  cough  for 
two  or  three  years.  Since  she  was  one  of  the  animals  in  the  badly 
infected  herd,  it  was  thought  that  possibly  she  also  might  have  the 


402 


BULLETIN  No.  162 


[January, 


I 

O 


v£> 
lH 

6 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD 


403 


404  BULLETIN  No.  162  [January, 

disease  in  the  advanced  stage.  She  was  not  in  as  good  condition 
or  flesh  as  was  Cow  85.  She  was  slaughtered  but  proved  to  be 
free  from  the  disease,  the  cough  being  due  to  some  other  cause. 

STATE  AID 

Tuberculosis  is  probably  on  the  increase  among  the  dairy  cattle 
of  Illinois  and  the  only  means  we  have  of  checking  or  reducing 
it  is  by  means  of  the  tuberculin  test  and  better  sanitary  conditions. 
While  the  test  is  not  infallible,  it  is  the  only  method  we  have  of 
detecting  the  disease  before  the  affected  cow  becomes  dangerous. 
Because  it  sometimes  fails,  it  is  no  more  wise  to  refuse  to  use  it 
than  it  would  be  to  refuse  to  use  antitoxin  for  diphtheria  because 
it  sometimes  fails  to  cure. 

The  states  surrounding  Illinois  have  passed  laws  to  prevent 
the  introduction  of  tuberculous  animals,  and  other  measures  are 
being  enacted  to  assist  the  dairymen  in  cleaning  up  their  herds. 
Illinois  has  no  such  laws;  consequently  this  state  has  become  a 
dumping  ground  for  diseased  animals  from  other  states.  It  is 
time  that  the  farmers  of  Illinois  see  to  it  that  wise  legislation  is 
enacted.  Tuberculosis  and  contagious  abortion  are  probably  the 
two  greatest  problems  which  dairymen  must  meet  in  the  future, 
and  they  must  have  aid  in  dealing  with  them.  The  following 
bill,  which  was  introduced  into  the  State  Legislature  in  1909,  is 
printed  here  because  the  writer  believes  that  it  contains  the  de- 
sirable features  of  a  wise  bill. 

A  BILL 

FOR  AN  ACT  TO  PROTECT  THE  HEALTH  OF  DOMESTIC  ANIMALS  IN  THE  STATE  OF; 
ILLINOIS,  AND  MAKING  AN  APPROPRIATION  THEREFOR. 

SECTION  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  People  of  the  State  of  Illinois  represented 
in  the  General  Assembly :  That  the  importation  or  bringing  into  the  State  of 
Illinois  of  any  cattle  for  dairy  or  breeding  purposes  is  hereby  prohibited,  ex- 
cepting when  such  cattle  are  accompanied  by  a  certificate  from  an  inspector, 
whose  competency  and  reliability  are  duly  certified  to  by  the  authorities  charged 
'with  the  control  of  the  diseases  of  domestic  animals  in  the  State,  territory,  dis- 
trict, province  or  country  from  whence  such  cattle  came,  certifying  that  thev 
have  been  examined  and  subjected  to  the  tuberculin  test  and  are  free  from 
tuberculosis.  Such  certificate  shall  be  in  such  form  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  of  Illinois,  and  shall  include  the  tuber- 
culin test  record  of  the  animals,  and  shall  be  made  in  triplicate,  one  of  which 
shall  be  forwarded  by  mail  to  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  of  Illi- 
nois, one  to  go  to  the  railroad  or  transportation  company  to  be  attached  to  the 
bill  of  lading  for  such  animals,  and  one  to  be  given  to  the  purchaser.  The 
Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  of  Illinois  shall  adopt  such  rules  as  they 
may  deem  necessary  for  conducting  such  tuberculin  test  for  the  purpose  of 
insuring  reliable  results  therefrom. 

Sec.  2.  No  shipment  of  cattle  for  dairy  or  breeding  purposes  from  any 
point  outside  of  this  State  destined  to  any  point  within  this  State,  shall  be  re- 


TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD  405 

ceived  or  brought  within  this  State  by  any  railroad,  steamboat  or  transportation 
company,  or  by  any  express  company,  or  by  any  electric  line,  doing  business 
in  this  State,  from  any  person,  firm  or  corporation,  or  from  any  connecting  - 
railroad  or  transportation  company,  nor  shall  any  such  cattle  be  brought  within 
this  State  from  any  point  outside  of  this  State  by  any  person,  firm  or  corpora- 
tion, on  the  hoof  or  otherwise,  unless  the  same  be  accompanied  by  the  certificate 
provided  for  in  section  i  of  this  Act,  and  unless  the  regulations  restricting  such 
shipments  have  been  fully  complied  with  by  the  consignor ;  and  no  person,  com- 
pany or  corporation  shall  purchase  or  receive  such  animals  unless  the  same  be 
accompanied  by  such  certificate. 

Sec.  3.  Any  dairy  or  breeding  cattle  imported  or  brought  into  the  State 
of  Illinois  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  sections  I  or  2  of  this  Act,  or  in 
violation  of  any  regulation  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners 
as  herein  provided  for,  shall  be  placed  in  quarantine  by  said  Board  of  Live 
Stock  Commissioners,  and  held  until  tested  with  tuberculin  by  and  under  the 
direction  of  said  board,  at  the  expense  of  the  owner,  shipper  or  consignee :  and 
all  expense  connected  with  such  quarantine  shall  be  paid  by  the  owner,  shipper 
or  consignee,  and  together  with  the  costs  of  conducting  the  tuberculin  test, 
shall  constitute  lien  on  such  cattle.  Any  such  cattle  that  may  react  to  the 
tuberculin  test  shall  be  slaughtered  and  examined  post  mortem  under  State 
supervision  as  provided  by  law ;  and  no  indemnity  shall  be  allowed  the  owner, 
shipper  or  consignee,  beyond  the  net  proceeds  realized  from  the  sale  of  the 
carcass  of  such  reacting  animal. 

Sec.  4.  The  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  is  hereby  authorized  and 
empowered  to  prohibit  or  restrict  the  importation  of  any  domestic  animals  into 
the  State  of  Illinois,  whenever  in  their  judgment  such  measures  may  be  neces- 
sary for  the  proper  protection  of  the  health  of  the  domestic  animals  of  this 
State. 

Sec.  5.  Said  board  shall  have  power  in  like  manner  to  regulate  and  pro- 
hibit the  running  of  any  cars  or  boats  into  this  State  or  within  the  State,  that 
have  been  used  for  the  transportation  of  animals  affected  with  any  contagious 
or  infectious  disease,  or  the  condition  of  which  may  be  such  as  to  render  them 
liable  to  convey  the  infection,  and  to  compel  the  proper  disinfection  of  the 
same.  Said  board  shall  also  have  power  to  regulate  and  prohibit  the  importa- 
tion into  this  State  or  the  carrying  within  this  State,  of  hay,  straw,  fodder  or 
other  commodities,  and  to  regulate  and  prohibit  the  importation  or  carrying 
of  the  carcasses,  or  any  part  of  the  carcasses,  of  any  animals — including  the 
hides,  hoofs,  bones  and  hair — through  which  any  live  stock  in  this  State  may 
become  infected. 

Sec.  6.  It  shall  be  unlawful  to  offer  for  sale,  or  to  purchase,  any  cattle 
for  dairy  or  breeding  purposes,  known  to  have  reacted  to  the  tuberculin  test,  or 
to  be  affected  with  tuberculosis,  except  for  purposes  of  slaughter  at  a  point 
where  adequate  inspection  exists,  or  for  breeding  purposes  to  go  in  quarantine 
under  the  direction  of  the  State  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners. 

Sec.  7.  The  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  shall  prescribe  uniform 
rules  for  the  tuberculin  testing  of  live  stock,  arid  upon  request  of  the  o-^'ncr 
thereof  shall  cause  such  test  to  be  made,  at  the  expense  of  the  State.  All  such 
cattle  so  tested  which  shall  react  to  the  tuberculin  test  shall  become  at  once 
subject  to  the  charge  and  control  of  said  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners. 
Thereupon  such  reacting  animals  shall  be  appraised  as  provided  by  law,  and 
shall  be  disposed  of  by  said  board  in  one  of  the  following  ways,  at  the  option 
of  the  owner  to  be  exercised  at  that  time: 

First — the  owner  may  , elect  to  have  such  animals  separated  from  non- 
reacting  animals  in  accordance  with  what  is  known  as  the  "Bang  System,"  and 
retained  upon  the  farm  or  premises  under  such  quarantine  regulations  as  the 
board  may  prescribe  ;  or 

Second — he  may  take  as  compensation  for  such  animals  a  sum  equal  to 
three- fourths  of  the  appraised  value  thereof;  or 


406  BULLETIN  No.  162  [January, 

Third — he  may  agree  to  receive  as  compensation  for  such  animals  the  net 
proceeds  of  the  slaughter  and  sale  thereof. 

Any  slaughter  and  sale  of  such  animals  shall  be  done  and  had  by  the  board 
in  the  manner  provided  by  law.  In  any  case  of  appraisement  as  provided  herein, 
where  upon  post  mortem  examination  there  is  found  to  be  no  tubercular  lesion, 
then  the  animal  shall  be  regarded  as  healthy,  and  the  owner  shall  receive  the 
full  appraised  value  thereof.  If  upon  application  of  the  test  for  tuberculosis, 
there  is  found  to  exist  open  tuberculosis,  the  said  board  shall  make  such  further 
tests  of  such  cattle  as  it  may  find  necessary  or  expedient  to  repress  the  disease 
or  prevent  infection. 

Sec.  8.  After  any  test  of  a  herd  has  been  made  by  the  board  and  the  dis- 
ease of  tuberculosis  is  found,  the  said  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  shall 
have  such  supervision  over  such  herd  and  the  premises  where  they  are  kept, 
and  may  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  in  reference  thereto,  as  may  be 
necessary  to  prevent  reinfection  of  such  herd  or  the  spread  of  disease  among 
them. 

Sec.  9.  It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any  corporation,  company  or  person  op- 
erating any  creamery  or  cheese  factory,  with  milk  or  cream  gathered  from  mis- 
cellaneous sources,  to  return  to  the  patrons  or  offer  for  sale  either  skim  milk, 
buttermilk,  or  whey,  until  the  same  is  properly  pasteurized  by  heating  to  eighty 
degrees  Centigrade  (176  degrees  Fahrenheit),  as  determined  by  Storch's  color 
test :  Provided,  that  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  shall  have  power 
to  release  any  such  creamery  or  factory  from  the  limitations  of  this  provision 
when  to  their  knowledge  tuberculosis  does  not  exist  in  the  herds  contributing 
to  their  supply. 

Sec.  10.  The  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  is  hereby  charged  with 
the  enforcement  of  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  and  is  authorized  and  empowered 
to  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  for  such  purposes. 

Sec.  n.  For  the  purposes  of  this  Act  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commis- 
sioners shall  have  power  and  authority  to  control  and  restrict  the  sale  and  use 
of  tuberculin. 

Sec.  12.  Any  person  who  shall  use  or  cause  to  be  used  by  any  other  per- 
son, tuberculin  or  any  other  agent  upon  cattle,  by  injection  or  otherwise,  for 
the  purpose  of  preventing  a  proper  reaction  when  the  tuberculin  test  is  made 
by  an  intending  purchaser  or  other  person,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor, and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than 
two  hundred  dollars  nor  more  than  five  hundred  dollars,  or  by  imprisonment 
in  the  county  jail  not  more  than  one  year  nor  less  than  six  months,  or  by  both 
such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

Sec.  13.  Any  railroad,  steamboat  or  transportation  company,  or  any  ex- 
press company  or  electric  line,  that  shall  violate  any  provision  of  this  Act,  or 
any  regulation  of  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  authorized  by  this 
Act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall 
be  fined  not  less  than  one  thousand  dollars  nor  more  than  ten  thousand  dollars 
for  each  offense. 

Sec.  14.  Any  person  or  persons  that  shall  by  himself  or  themselves,  or  by 
his  or  their  servants  or  employes,  move  any  such  prohibited  animals  on  foot, 
or  over  any  ferry  into  this  State,  or  shall  violate  any  provision  of  this  Act  or 
any  regulation  of  the  Board  of  Live  Stock  Commissioners  authorized  by  this 
Act,  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  upon  conviction  thereof  shall 
be  fined  not  less  than  twenty-five  dollars  nor  more  than  two  hundred  dollars 


/o/j]  TUBERCULOSIS  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  DAIRY  HERD  407 

for  each  offense  and  shall  be  committed  to  the  county  jail  until  such  fine  and 
costs  are  paid. 

Sec.  15.  All  fines  recovered  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  be  paid 
into  the  county  treasurer  of  the  county  in  which  the  suit  is  brought  to  recover 
the  same,  to  be  used  for  county  purposes,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State's 
Attorneys  in  their  respective  counties  to  prosecute  for  all  violations  of  this  Act. 

Sec.  16.  To  carry  into  effect  and  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  the 
sum  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  ($150,000)  annually  is  hereby 
appropriated  for  the  years  1909  and  1910,  the  same  to  be  expended  by  the  Board 
of  Live  Stock  Commissioners. 

Sec.  17.  Inasmuch  as  the  health  of  the  dairy  and  breeding  stock  of  the 
State  is  endangered  from  contagious  disease  known  as  tuberculosis  among 
cattle,  an  emergency  exists  requiring  this  Act  to  take  effect  immediately;  there- 
fore this  Act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  passage. 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBAN* 

Q.630.7IL6B  C001 

BULLETIN.  URBANA 
153-1651912-13 


30112019528428 


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